This third volume of the Acts of the 4th European Congress of Iranian Studies (Paris 1999) includes twenty-seven contributions which ask questions and bring new knowledge to the cultures and societies of the Iranian world in the 20th century. A first series of studies deals with linguistics, languages, dialects and contemporary literatures (Persian, Kurdish, Baluch). The second, devoted to studies of ethnology and geography, deals in particular with cultural changes and urban territories. The third part of the book analyzes the dynamics of Iranian society and political life, in the context of the ruptures in the contemporary history of this country.